Composites: Examples throughout History

Contents

Composites：What are They?
Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP): What is it?
The Peak of FRPs: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
- Key Characteristics of Carbon Fiber
Examples of Composite Materials
History of Composite Materials
Summary

Composites：What are They?

Composite materials, commonly referred to as composites, are new materials produced from a composition of two or more base materials that exhibit unique or enhanced qualities (e.g. tensile strength, rigidity, ductility) not found in a single material. While “composites” broadly denotes a composition of a reinforcing material and a base (matrix) and includes a range of materials such as alloys and ceramics, in most cases, it refers to a combination of plastic (resin) matrix and fiber reinforcements.

Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP): What is it?

Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) is the general term given to plastic polymers which are combined with fibers to produce a composite material: any material produced from a combination of two or more different material types. The fiber reinforcements offer unique and strength-enhancing properties not found in pure plastic, making it possible to create structures that are ighter and stronger than those made with plastic alone.

As FRP is generally reinforced with glass fiber it is interchangeably referred to as Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic or fiberglass. The first letter of the acronym denotes the type of reinforcing fiber used: G refers to glass fibers, C refers to carbon fibers and A stands for aramid fibers.

The Peak of FRPs: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)

Most FRP applications utilize glass fibers as the reinforcing material, whereas CFRP is a carbon fiber-specific composite. Carbon fiber is a fiber material produced by carbonizing acrylonitrile (PAN) fibers or pitch, a by-product of petroleum, coal, or coal tar and is classified according to the raw materials used: PAN-based carbon fiber for the former, and Pitch-based carbon fiber for the later. The impressive lightweight qualities and superior strength of CFRP makes it the popular material of choice in aviation, automobile, and sporting equipment industries.

Key Characteristics of Carbon Fiber

One-fourth the specific gravity of iron.
Ten times the specific strength of iron.
Seven times the specific modulus of elasticity, compared to iron.

In addition to its renowned “strong, lightweight, and non-corrosive” properties, carbon fiber showcases a range of other features such as X-ray permeability, electrical conductivity, thermal resistance, and low expansion.

Examples of Composite Materials

Here is a list of some the main types of composites available:

Fiber Reinforced Plastics

FRP, GFRP, and Fiberglass.

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

CFRP

Aramid/Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Plastics

AFRP/KFRP

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon Composites

arbon-carbon (C/C), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon (CFRC), Reinforced Carbon-carbon (RCC)

Metal Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Fiber-reinforced materials such as aluminum and SUS.

Plywood

Various types of wood.

Reinforced Concrete

Concrete fortified with reinforcing steel bars

History of Composite Materials

Composite materials have been around since ancient times with examples stemming back to Before Christ (BC). Some examples include:

Earthen Houses and Walls

Walls of houses were made from combination of natural hemp and soil.

Earthenware and Pottery

Soils were mixed with crushed shells to make objects less susceptible to cracking and more heat resistant.

Composite materials have thus been a familiar part of everyday living for thousands of years.

The emergence of reinforced concrete in the 1860s, continual developments in glass fiber since the 1930s, and later advancements in synthetic fibers have since given rise to new cutting-edge composites and the higher functionality we enjoy today.

More recent years have seen an increase in naturally derived fiber and bio-based plastics in response to the SDGs initiatives and growing concerns of environmental issues such as CO2 reductions, global warming, and critical depletion of fossil fuel.

Summary

In this issue, we covered composites. Fiber reinforced plastic fuses resin plastic with reinforcing fibers to create a combined highly moldable and ultra-strong new material. While FRP exhibits a range of advantages, there are numerous challenges including issues surrounding manufacturing complexity, productivity, and recyclability. There are many factors to consider but hopefully this has offered you a clearer overview. See you in the next issue.

ABOUT UCHIDA - 55 years since our founding

We leverage a wealth of technical expertise as a CFRP molding and processing manufacturer using FRP, GFRP, and CFRP materials. We offer a one-stop solution, encompassing design, analysis, manufacturing, secondary processing, assembly, painting, quality assurance, and testing.

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UCHIDA's equipment

We have cutting-edge equipment to ensure that we can address even the most advanced challenges of our customers.

DMG森精機 - VS1000/40/2050
X軸：2,050mm（ストローク）／ Y軸：1,000mm ／ Z軸：600mm ／テーブル作業面：2,250×1,000mm

ASHIDA MFG Co., Ltd.
Autoclave Oven 2
Size : Ø1,150x1,000mm / Operating temperature : at normal temperature - 400℃ / Design pressure : 2.0Mpa (maximum working pressure) / Vacuum system : back suction system / Vacuum units : 5

ASHIDA MFG Co., Ltd.
Autoclave Oven 3
Size : Ø3,000x6,000mm / Operating temperature : at normal temperature - 200℃ / Distribution accuracy : ±2.5℃less / Heating rate : 4.0℃/min. (empty furnace) / Cooling rate : 4.0℃/min. (empty furnace) / Design pressure : 0.99Mpa (maximum working pressure) / Working pressure : 0.7Mpa less (if no specification from the manufacuturer 0.3Mpa around) / Pressure accuracy : ±0.02Mpa（for pressure setting of ０ - 0.99Mpa/cm²） / Boost pressure accuracy : 0 - 0.03Mpa/min / Pressure source : compressed air (regular use) / Vacuum system : back suction system / Vacuum units : 10

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Oven
Size : W1,000xH1,000xD1,000mm / Temperature range : Environmental Temperature +20 - 300℃ / Temperature elevation capability : Environmental Temperature (20 - 40℃) - 300℃ / 45min less / Vacuum system : back suction system / Vacuum units : 10

ESPEC CORP.
Temperature & Humidity Chamber

INSTRON
Static Universal Testing Machine 5985

Oven
Size : W7,000xH3,000xD2,000mm / Temperature range : Environmental Temperature +20 - 300℃ (Max) / Temperature elevation capability : Environmental Temperature (20 - 40℃) - 300℃ / 60min less / Vacuum system : back suction system / Vacuum units : 10

NEO
X axis : 4,000mm (stroke) / Y axis : 2,000mm / Z axis : 1,200mm / C axis : 0° - ±270° / B axis : 0° - ±110° / Table working place : 4,000x2,000mm

【開発】
3Dプリンター | Markforged

Painting booth
Various painting, and clear finish is done in dedicated painting booth

Adhesion, Finishing, Coating Room
Finishing process, such as trimming, drilling, and bonding, surface treatment of the molded product type and is done in a private booth

Toshiba Matrixeye EX (Ultrasonic flaw detector)
Matrix-Arrey : 32

AMETEK CREAFORM Metra
SCAN750 Elite (3D scan)

Olympus Corp.
Inverted Microscopes

Oven
Size : W450xH450xD450mm / Temperature range : Environmental Temperature +20 - 650℃ / Temperature elevation capability : Environmental Temperature+50 - 650℃/120min less

Cutting Plotter Table working place : W1,500xL3,500mm

SHIMA SEIKI MFG., LTD
Cutting Plotter

KUKA
Robot

Krauss Maffei
Epoxy resin injection machine Resin 60L ／ Hardener 25L

Krauss Maffei
630t Press machine Height total 5,200mm ／ Length max 1,500mm ／ Width max 1,200mm ／ Whole cycle time per component part 240sec

DMG森精機 - NV5000B/40
X軸：1,020mm（ストローク）／ Y軸：510mm ／ Z軸：510mm ／テーブル作業面：1,320×600mm

Big sized clean room
JIS B 9920 cleanliness class maximum concentration (Pcs/m³） / Class 5 : 100,000m³ / Capacity : m² (16,000x16,000mm) 760m² (16,000x16,000x3,000mm) / Temperature and humidity condition : Temperature : 23℃±3℃, Humidity 65% less / Ambient conditions : Temperature 35℃ during summer, Humidity 70% less / Ambient conditions : Temperature 35℃ during summer, Humidity 70% less / Temperature -5℃ during winter, Humidity 40% less